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jewelry wholesale singapore Medical Humanities (Medical) is a subject group that explores medical source flow, medical value, medical specifications, and other social and cultural phenomena related to medicine, including medical history, medical philosophy, medical ethics, health law, health economics, medical sociology, and sociology. Wait. Since the 1970s, with the transition from the medical model from the biomedical model to the "physiological-psychological-society" medical model, and the discussion on the "purpose and value" of medicine has become a hot spot, the teaching of Chinese medical humanology teaching There was a wave of research, and some medical institutions have begun to have the teaching of medical humanities, and some of the works in medical humanities have also came out. From scratch, from small to large, my country's medical humanities have developed greatly in this boom. However, during this period, there are still many regrets of the development of medical humanities in my country. For example, its development is mostly isolated, unidirectional, lack of exchanges and integration between disciplines, and there is no medical humanistic subject group that matches medicine. Give full play to the role of "standardized and leading" in medical development. As Professor Zhang Daqing, the Center for Medical History Research at Peking University, said in the "Exploration of the Reasons for the Development of Medical Humanities and Humanities in my country", "Ironics is that medicine has achieved brilliant achievements in the 20th century, but now disappointment with medicine and disappointment with medicine and medicine The doubtful atmosphere is even stronger. " The cheers of new medical progress have no longer exist. "What exists is the increasing fear of the possible consequences of genetic engineering and biotechnology development, dissatisfaction with non -personalization of medical care, and heavy medical expenses and health resources. Criticism of unfair allocation. "This is the portrayal of the consequences of the problems that occur in the development of medical development in a timely manner, which also shows the practical necessity of strengthening the construction of medical humanities. Standing at the starting point of the 21st century, when we cheered or lamented for the twentieth century medical gains and losses, we had to set our sights on a challenging and vitality future. Under the new situation in the new century, China must strengthen the construction of medical humanities.
First of all, medical science as a person directly emphasizes humanistic care than other sciences.
"Science and Technology is people -oriented", which is the ultimate purpose of the development of science and technology. The value of science and technology must eventually be reflected through people's production and living conditions, and it is measured to measure the civilization of human society. Therefore, the social attributes of science and technology should be emphasized, the human value of science and technology should be highlighted, and the "lost" or "dislocation" or "lost" or "misunderstanding of science and technology alienation". As Professor Yang Shuzi, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the former President of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, pointed out: Science is truth -seeking, and the question to answer is "What?"; Humanities are good. The question to answer is "What should be? What should I do? ". Scientific activities themselves do not guarantee its development and application that is conducive to human progress, and humanistic activities do not guarantee that it is based on objective laws. ① Therefore, humanities must be based on science and science must be guided by humanities. Science and technology without human orientation either have no value to humans or can only bring disaster to humans.
It, in addition to the general attributes of science and technology, medicine also has its particularity. Its special is that medicine is a science that directly faces people, that is, people -oriented objects, and directly serving human science. Medicine emphasizes humanistic care more than any other science and requires medical workers to have perfect human cultivation. The father of Western medicine, Hippokrad, believes that "medical skills are the most beautiful and noble in all technologies", "doctors should have all the quality of excellent philosophers: altruism, enthusiastic, humble, calm judgment ...". In the "Physics Theory of Physics · During the Medicine" in ancient China: "The husband and doctor, the person who is not benevolent, is not trusty, is not smart, unable to be, non -integrity and good, not credible. After the name is named, the virtue can forgive love. " This shows that "benevolence" and "Deli" are the essential conditions for "medical". "Medical" is a model of combining science and technology and humanistic spirit. China is known as the "state of humanities and academics". Humanistic care has always been an important connotation of traditional Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine attaches great importance to the ethical value of medical practice. Medical activities are patients that are patients instead of diseases, and treat patients as a whole person rather than damage. During the diagnosis and treatment The emotional communication with the patient fully reflects the basic principles of "medical Nairen".
Whether it is scientific and technological for commonality or special medicine, whether it is the discussion of ancient philosophers or the expectations of today's people, "the combination of science and technology and humanistic spirit" is used as the ideal model of medicine.
After entering the 20th century, in the rapid development of science and technology, medicine has also developed rapidly, and modern diagnosis and treatment equipment and drugs can be described as dizzy. The advanced medical equipment and drugs is a manifestation of medical technology modernization, and it is also an important condition for improving human health. It itself is not wrong. However, Zhang Yang of "Technology Masterpiece" and "Skills of Technology" has made a tendency to be non -humanized in today's medicine. The object of medical work is no longer a patient, but a disease; the patient is no longer a complete and emotional person, but is used as a machine that needs to be repaired or replaced by parts; Modern superstition immersed in "advanced instrument and equipment and drug protection". This is the "medical alienation" under the guidance of the surplus of technology, indicating that medicine has gradually deviated from its inherent value standards and behavioral specifications, and is against the basic principles of "people -oriented". "Medical alienation" brings us not necessarily healthy and happy, but not necessarily effective "new drugs", unnecessary surgery and certain expensive medical expenses. According to reports, 30 to 40%of surgery should not be performed. Among thousands of drugs, only 10%of the exact and effective one, 30%of the optional, and 60%of the invalid. ② In addition, there are more and more medical accidents and medical disputes caused by misdiagnosis. Other corruption in the pharmaceutical and sanitary front. These are the serious consequences of the separation of medicine and humanistic spirit, which not only has no improvement of people's health, but also will eventually restrain the development of medicine itself. Therefore, modern medicine calls on the return of humanistic spirit, and calls on the perfect combination of medicine and humanities.
The social problems encountered or occurred in the development of medicine. Medical itself is difficult to explain and solve, and has to use the relevant humanities and social sciences. For example, when the economic interests or rules and regulations of the hospital conflict with the responsibility of saving wounds; when the doctor -patient relationship is tense until a medical dispute is occurred; when people criticize the unfair distribution of sanitary resources; The impact leads to a new panic; where will the medicine go from? How will people choose? These issues have to be resolved by cross -disciplines such as medical sociology, medical ethics, health law, health economics, and medical philosophy. Therefore, whether from the perspective of increasing human health or from the perspective of medicine itself, the construction of medical humanities must be strengthened. While building a modern medical model that combines medical and humanities, it promotes the civilization of human society.
Secondly, the cultivation of new medical talents in the new century is inseparable from the construction of medical humanities.
Prem once pointed out that "the problem of the 19th century was that God died, and the problem of the 20th century was that humans died." Indeed, in the 20th century after breaking theology, the material wealth created by human beings is more than the sum of material wealth created by humans before; the speed of scientific and technological progress is faster than any previous period. This is the miracle of human history, but it is also this miracle that has caused the tragedy of human beings — material flooding humanity, and technology replaces humanities. Looking back at the gains and losses of the 20th century, we clarified the responsibility of the 21st century: return to humanities and find humanity. Of course, this does not require us to abandon science and technology and refuse the material wealth brought about by scientific and technological progress, but to inject humanistic spirit into scientific and technological, pay attention to human cultivation when material pursuits, and realize the perfect combination of science and technology, humanity, material and human nature. Essence
The new century, new mission requires a generation of newcomers. How can I cultivate newcomers who can shoulder a new mission in the new century? Of course, it is necessary to rely on the integration of science and humanities. In the 20th century, the New China was suffering from the endless disaster caused by the backwardness of science and technology. Therefore, eager to advance the progress of science and technology, and put forward the key to realizing modernization is the "modernization of science and technology". modernization. In this context, Chinese talent training has naturally selected the scientific education model. However, in the 21st century, people are pursuing the development of intelligence to the comprehensive development and transformation of people from face -to -face, and human society is also changing from one -sided pursuit of economic development to society. These transformations require education (realizing people's comprehensive development and comprehensive progress of society and the overall progress of society. The premise) must also be transformed, that is, the complete education from pure scientific education to a combination of science and humanities. For medical treatment, although people recognized the important position of social factors and psychological factors in medicine at the end of the 20th century, they also proposed that the medical model should be transformed from a biomedical model to the "physiological -psychological - social" medical model, but time, time By the 21st century, this change was not truly realized. As of 2013, most medical workers are still superstitious about traditional biomedical models. Although some people in some higher medicine colleges and medical and health institutions are calling for the teaching and research of cross -disciplinary disciplines of medical and humanities and social sciences, the respondent It's almost a few. To truly realize the transformation of the medical model and achieve the perfect combination of medical and humanities, we must cultivate a large number of new medical talents with both high -precision medical professional knowledge and skills and rich and deep humanistic knowledge. Therefore, the construction of medical humanities must be strengthened, and humanities and social sciences, especially medical and social sciences related to medical and social sciences, into the teaching plan of medical education, and implement a complete medical education (medical science and medical humanities. Combined education).
111 is also an open century, and the world is transforming from regional to globalization. In this transition process, China ’s contact with the outside world will become more frequent, especially after joining the WTO, China will participate in all aspects of international exchanges and international competition. After joining the WTO, the protection of intellectual property rights will be more stringent. Products during the period of imitation patent will be illegal; reducing tariffs and cancellation of imports of imports, allowing foreign goods to enter the country's market and national products for competition; and services; and services; The opening of trade has put forward new requirements for my country's medical and health undertakings. For example, according to China's commitment to cutting tariffs after joining the WTO, the average tariff rate of Chinese imported pharmaceutical products from 2000 will gradually decrease, and non -tariff measures such as drug import license system will gradually be canceled. In terms of service trade, China promises to open the distribution service business of drugs on January 1, 2003 to cancel regional and quantitative restrictions. Foreign companies can engage in procurement, warehousing, transportation, distribution, wholesale, retail and after -sales service in China. In addition, foreign companies will be able to open a joint venture and cooperative medical and dental service, and can control. Foreign doctors with certificates have been extended from half a year to one year. It can be seen that after joining the WTO, through the implementation of intellectual property agreements, reduction of tariffs and weakening and canceling non -tariff barriers, and the general service trade agreement, the research and development, production, distribution (including approval, import and export), and even even Medical services have a comprehensive impact. China's pharmaceutical and health undefeated medical and health care in the new century's international exchanges and competition requires a large number of new medical talents with innovative awareness, legal awareness, competition awareness and service consciousness. Such medical talents can be cultivated only through a complete medical education through the combination of medical science and medical humanities.
It -strengthening the construction of medical humanities is an important way to implement a complete medical education, that is, in addition to professional basic courses and professional courses in the teaching plan, it also includes medical sociology, medical ethics, health law, health economics and other interdisciplinary disciplines With other humanities and social science courses, different disciplines (courses) are integrated with different aspects of talent quality, and they have cultivated medical talents with comprehensive quality.
again, strengthening the construction of medical humanities is also the need to adapt to the development trend of the world.
Pee someone has predicted that "soft science will lead the new trend of future science." In the 21st century, which has developed in science and technology, people have emphasized the research of humanities and social sciences and cross -disciplinary disciplines of natural sciences and humanities and social sciences. As early as 1990, the United Nations Development Planning Department issued a "United Nations Humanities Development Report", which put forward the concept of "humanistic development", pointing out that the development of humanities (human health longevity, opportunities for education, living level, living environment and freedom of freedom The comprehensive development status of indicators such as extent) is an important indicator for measuring a country's comprehensive national strength. This indicates that the progress of science and technology does not necessarily mean the progress of human society, and the development of humanistic development is the symbol of human civilization. Therefore, while many countries in the world are developing science and technology, they strengthen the construction of humanities and social sciences, especially the construction of cross -disciplinary disciplines of natural science and humanities and social sciences to fully improve their level of humanities.
The in terms of medicine, because medicine is directly facing human science, the development of medical and medical humanology has a direct impact on the development of humanities, so countries around the world attach great importance to the development of medical humanities. Some countries have established research institutions for medical humanities in medical institutions. In the United States alone, many well -known universities or medical schools have research and teaching institutions of medical humanities and social sciences, such as: (Columbia College of and Surgeons) Center for the Study of Society and Medicine; Center for Medical; (of texas Medical Branch) the Institute for the Medical; Some journals in some medical humanities have also had a greater impact worldwide, such as: Journal of Medical; and Medicine; Medical; A Literary Journal of the Health. In order to cultivate specialized talents in medical humanities, some medical institutions have also set up a degree or course in medical human science, such as: (Harvard) Program in The History of Medicine